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The contemporary national legal systems are generally based on one of four basic systems: civil law, common law, customary law, religious law or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations. [ 1] The science that studies law at the level of legal ...
estate. Landed property, tenement of land, especially with respect to an easement ( servitude ). 2 types: praedium dominans - dominant estate ( aka dominant tenement) praedium serviens - servient estate ( aka servient tenement) praeemptio. previous purchase. Right of first refusal. praesumptio. presumption.
t. e. Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world. Modern civil law stems mainly from the Napoleonic Code of the early 19th century, and it is a continuation of ancient Roman law. Its core principles are codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law.
Civil law countries, the most prevalent system in the world, are in shades of blue. Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions. [ 2][ 3][ 4] The defining characteristic of common law is that it ...
Legal positivism is a modern intellectual tradition in the philosophy of law and jurisprudence that holds that law is a set of rules created by human beings who prescribe certain procedures for its enactment. This contrasts with natural law theory, which has ancient roots and holds that inherent moral principles provide a basis for the law, and ...
Adversarial system. The adversarial system, adversary system, accusatorial system[ 1] or accusatory system[ 2] is a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties' case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a judge or jury, who attempt to determine the truth and pass ...
t. e. The rule of law is a political ideal that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders. [ 2][ 3] It is sometimes stated simply as "no one is above the law". [ 4] The term rule of law is closely related to constitutionalism as well as Rechtsstaat.
Jurisdiction (from Latin juris 'law' + dictio 'speech' or 'declaration') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice. In federations like the United States, the concept of jurisdiction applies at multiple levels (e.g., local, state, and federal). Jurisdiction draws its substance from international law ...