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Cambridge Assessment English or Cambridge English develops and produces Cambridge English Qualifications and the International English Language Testing System ().The organisation contributed to the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the standard used around the world to benchmark language skills, [2] and its qualifications and tests are aligned with ...
Apache 2.0. Website. arxiv .org /abs /1810 .04805. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers ( BERT) is a language model introduced in October 2018 by researchers at Google. [ 1][ 2] It learned by self-supervised learning to represent text as a sequence of vectors. It had the transformer encoder architecture.
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, [ 1] abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other countries. The CEFR is also intended to make it easier for educational institutions ...
Edgar W. Schneider 's dynamic model of postcolonial Englishes adopts an evolutionary perspective [ 1] emphasizing language ecologies. It shows how language evolves as a process of 'competition-and-selection', and how certain linguistic features emerge. [ 2] The Dynamic Model illustrates how the histories and ecologies will determine language ...
The Examination for the Certificate in Proficiency in English (ECPE) is an advanced level English language qualification that focuses on Level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) . It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge.
A language model is a probabilistic model of a natural language. [1] In 1980, the first significant statistical language model was proposed, and during the decade IBM performed ‘Shannon-style’ experiments, in which potential sources for language modeling improvement were identified by observing and analyzing the performance of human subjects in predicting or correcting text.
C2 Proficiency is the highest level qualification provided by Cambridge Assessment English and shows that learners have mastered English to an exceptional level. It is focused on Level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). C2 Proficiency is one of the examinations in Cambridge English Qualifications – a path ...
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming (including metaprogramming [ 70] and metaobjects ). [ 71] Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by ...