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Question answering. Question answering ( QA) is a computer science discipline within the fields of information retrieval and natural language processing (NLP) that is concerned with building systems that automatically answer questions that are posed by humans in a natural language. [1]
A large language model (LLM) is a computational model notable for its ability to achieve general-purpose language generation and other natural language processing tasks such as classification. Based on language models , LLMs acquire these abilities by learning statistical relationships from vast amounts of text during a computationally ...
Cambridge Assessment English or Cambridge English develops and produces Cambridge English Qualifications and the International English Language Testing System ().The organisation contributed to the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the standard used around the world to benchmark language skills, [2] and its qualifications and tests are aligned with ...
Edgar W. Schneider 's dynamic model of postcolonial Englishes adopts an evolutionary perspective [ 1] emphasizing language ecologies. It shows how language evolves as a process of 'competition-and-selection', and how certain linguistic features emerge. [ 2] The Dynamic Model illustrates how the histories and ecologies will determine language ...
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, [ 1] abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other countries. The CEFR is also intended to make it easier for educational institutions ...
Sheltered instruction is an educational approach designed to make academic content more accessible to English language learners (ELLs) while promoting their language development. It involves modifying instruction to accommodate students' language proficiency levels and providing additional support to help comprehend and engage with material ...
Apache 2.0. Website. arxiv .org /abs /1810 .04805. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers ( BERT) is a language model introduced in October 2018 by researchers at Google. [ 1][ 2] It learned by self-supervised learning to represent text as a sequence of vectors. It had the transformer encoder architecture.
Logo. The Examination for the Certificate in Proficiency in English (ECPE) is an advanced level English language qualification that focuses on Level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) . It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge.