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Learn how to convert temperatures among eight different scales, such as Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Rankine. See the formulas and comparisons for each scale pair, and the sources and references for more information.
Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the hotness or coldness of a substance. Learn about different temperature scales, such as Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin, and how temperature affects various processes and phenomena.
Celsius is the unit of temperature on the Celsius scale, one of two SI units of thermodynamic temperature. It is named after Anders Celsius, who proposed a reversed scale in 1742, and is now defined in terms of the kelvin and the triple point of water.
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Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on the freezing and boiling points of water, defined by the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724. Learn how to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, Kelvin, Rankine, and other units, and see the history and usage of Fahrenheit.
It is useful when examining the effectiveness of thermal inactivations under different conditions, for example in food cooking and preservation. The z-value is a measure of the change of the D-value with varying temperature, and is a simplified version of an Arrhenius equation and it is equivalent to z=2.303 RT T ref /E. [ 2 ]
Heating degree day (HDD) is a measurement of the demand for energy to heat a building based on outside air temperature. Learn how HDD is defined, calculated, and used to estimate heating requirements and energy consumption.
The Newton scale is a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton in 1701, based on the melting and boiling points of metals and water. It has no single second reference point, but it can be converted to the Celsius scale with a factor of about 3.