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Orexin (/ ɒ ˈ r ɛ k s ɪ n /), also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. [5] It exists in the forms of orexin-A and orexin-B.The most common form of narcolepsy, type 1, in which the individual experiences brief losses of muscle tone ("drop attacks" or cataplexy), is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells ...
Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world. Being awake is the opposite of being asleep , in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.
Orexin, otherwise known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that acts within the brain to regulate appetite and wakefulness as well as a number of other cognitive and physiological processes. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Loss of these orexin-producing neurons causes narcolepsy and most individuals with narcolepsy have a reduced number of these neurons in ...
It is also called the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area. The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus ( VLPO ), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area ( IPA ), is a small cluster of neurons situated in the anterior hypothalamus, sitting just above and to the side of the optic chiasm in the brain of humans and other animals.
Orexins strongly excite various brain nuclei to affect an organism's wakefulness by affecting their dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine and acetylcholine systems. [3] These systems work together to stabilize the organism's sleep cycles. Once made, the orexin peptides can bind to the orexin receptor; which is a G protein-coupled receptor. This ...
Through the diverse outputs of the orexin system, the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus mediate an array of functions. Two of the most commonly noted functions of orexin peptides in the lateral hypothalamus are the promotion of feeding behavior and arousal (i.e., wakefulness). [3] [6] More generally, the orexinergic neural projections ...
An orexin receptor antagonist, or orexin antagonist, is a drug that inhibits the effect of orexin by acting as a receptor antagonist of one (selective orexin receptor antagonist or SORA) or both (dual orexin receptor antagonis or DORA) of the orexin receptors, OX 1 and OX 2. [ 1] Medical applications include treatment of sleep disorders such as ...
Cataplexy affects approximately 20% of people who have narcolepsy, [2] and is caused by an autoimmune destruction of hypothalamic neurons that produce the neuropeptide hypocretin (also called orexin), which regulates arousal and has a role in stabilization of the transition between wake and sleep states. [3]