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For distributed temperature sensing often a code correlation technology [2] [3] [4] is employed which carries elements from both principles. OTDR was developed more than 20 years ago and has become the industry standard for telecom loss measurements which detects the—compared to Raman signal very dominant— Rayleigh backscattering signals.
A surface acoustic wave temperature sensor can be fashioned from a piezoelectric substrate with a relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion in the direction of the length of the device. Temperature sensing and strain sensing can be combined into a single device in order to deliver temperature compensation of the sensing system.
Infrared thermometer. An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called black-body radiation emitted by the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns ...
Thermocouple. A thermocouple, also known as a "thermoelectrical thermometer", is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming an electrical junction. A thermocouple produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the Seebeck effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature.
A bandgap voltage reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits. It produces an almost constant voltage corresponding to the particular semiconductor 's theoretical band gap, with very little fluctuations from variations of power supply, electrical load, time, temperature (as of 1999, they typically have an initial ...
The principle of operation is based on the temperature dependence of the bandgap of GaAs. The GaAs crystal fixed on the tip of the fibre will be transparent at a wavelength above 850 nm. The position of the band edge is temperature-dependent and is shifted about 0.4 nm/K. The light is directed via the optical fibre to the crystal, where it is ...
A piezoelectric accelerometer is an accelerometer that employs the piezoelectric effect of certain materials to measure dynamic changes in mechanical variables (e.g., acceleration, vibration, and mechanical shock). As with all transducers, piezoelectrics convert one form of energy into another and provide an electrical signal in response to a ...
Working electrode. In electrochemistry, the working electrode is the electrode in an electrochemical system on which the reaction of interest is occurring. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The working electrode is often used in conjunction with an auxiliary electrode, and a reference electrode in a three-electrode system. Depending on whether the reaction on the ...