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For distributed temperature sensing often a code correlation technology [2] [3] [4] is employed which carries elements from both principles. OTDR was developed more than 20 years ago and has become the industry standard for telecom loss measurements which detects the—compared to Raman signal very dominant— Rayleigh backscattering signals.
A surface acoustic wave temperature sensor can be fashioned from a piezoelectric substrate with a relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion in the direction of the length of the device. Temperature sensing and strain sensing can be combined into a single device in order to deliver temperature compensation of the sensing system.
Infrared thermometer. An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called black-body radiation emitted by the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns ...
A bandgap voltage reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits. It produces an almost constant voltage corresponding to the particular semiconductor 's theoretical band gap, with very little fluctuations from variations of power supply, electrical load, time, temperature (as of 1999, they typically have an initial ...
A heat flux sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to the total heat rate applied to the surface of the sensor. The measured heat rate is divided by the surface area of the sensor to determine the heat flux . Silicon encased heat flux sensor for measurements on rugged surfaces.
The principle of operation is based on the temperature dependence of the bandgap of GaAs. The GaAs crystal fixed on the tip of the fibre will be transparent at a wavelength above 850 nm. The position of the band edge is temperature-dependent and is shifted about 0.4 nm/K. The light is directed via the optical fibre to the crystal, where it is ...
Working electrode. In electrochemistry, the working electrode is the electrode in an electrochemical system on which the reaction of interest is occurring. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The working electrode is often used in conjunction with an auxiliary electrode, and a reference electrode in a three-electrode system. Depending on whether the reaction on the ...
A piezoelectric accelerometer is an accelerometer that employs the piezoelectric effect of certain materials to measure dynamic changes in mechanical variables (e.g., acceleration, vibration, and mechanical shock). As with all transducers, piezoelectrics convert one form of energy into another and provide an electrical signal in response to a ...