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Directivity. In electromagnetics, directivity is a parameter of an antenna or optical system which measures the degree to which the radiation emitted is concentrated in a single direction. It is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. [1] Therefore, the ...
Whip antenna on a walkie-talkie. In radio communication, an omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna which radiates equal radio power in all directions perpendicular to an axis ( azimuthal directions), with power varying with angle to the axis ( elevation angle ), declining to zero on the axis. [1] [2] When graphed in three dimensions (see ...
Phase margin. In electronic amplifiers, the phase margin (PM) is the difference between the phase lag φ (< 0) and -180°, for an amplifier's output signal (relative to its input) at zero dB gain - i.e. unity gain, or that the output signal has the same amplitude as the input. For example, if the amplifier's open-loop gain crosses 0 dB at a ...
Link budget. A link budget is an accounting of all of the power gains and losses that a communication signal experiences in a telecommunication system; from a transmitter, through a communication medium such as radio waves, cable, waveguide, or optical fiber, to the receiver. It is an equation giving the received power from the transmitter ...
Link margin. In a wireless communication system, the link margin (LKM), measured in dB, is the difference between the minimum expected power received at the receiver's end, and the receiver's sensitivity (i.e., the received power at which the receiver will stop working). A 15 dB link margin means that the system could tolerate an additional 15 ...
Operating margin. In business, operating margin —also known as operating income margin, operating profit margin, EBIT margin and return on sales ( ROS )—is the ratio of operating income ("operating profit" in the UK) to net sales, usually expressed in percent. Net profit measures the profitability of ventures after accounting for all costs.
A mechanical VOR display. A course deviation indicator ( CDI) [1] is an avionics instrument used in aircraft navigation to determine an aircraft's lateral position in relation to a course to or from a radio navigation beacon. If the location of the aircraft is to the left of this course, the needle deflects to the right, and vice versa.
Timing Margin Illustration. In this image, the lower signal is the clock and the upper signal is the data. Data is recognized by the circuit at the positive edge of the clock. There are two time intervals illustrated in this image. One is the setup time, and the other is the timing margin. The setup time is illustrated in red in this image; the ...