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There was originally a simple and widely accepted argument that the genetic code should be universal: namely, that any variation in the genetic code would be lethal to the organism (although Crick had stated that viruses were an exception). This is known as the "frozen accident" argument for the universality of the genetic code.
The genetic code was once believed to be universal: a codon would code for the same amino acid regardless of the organism or source. However, it is now agreed that the genetic code evolves, [20] resulting in discrepancies in how a codon is translated depending on the genetic source.
The trematode mitochondrial code. The Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code. The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code. The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code. The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code. The Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code. The karyorelict nuclear code. The Condylostoma nuclear code.
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria ). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to ...
Genetic fragments such as pseudogenes, regions of DNA that are orthologous to a gene in a related organism, but are no longer active and appear to be undergoing a steady process of degeneration from cumulative mutations support common descent alongside the universal biochemical organization and molecular variance patterns found in all organisms ...
The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. [1] [2] [3] During gene expression (the synthesis of RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first copied into RNA.
The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein", [1] although this is not its original meaning. It was first stated by Francis Crick in 1957, [2] [3] then published in 1958: [4] [5]
The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1970. [1] This universally accepted notation uses the Roman characters G, C, A, and T, to represent the four nucleotides commonly found in deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). Given the rapidly expanding role for genetic ...