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Quality assurance. Quality assurance ( QA) is the term used in both manufacturing and service industries to describe the systematic efforts taken to assure that the product (s) delivered to customer (s) meet with the contractual and other agreed upon performance, design, reliability, and maintainability expectations of that customer.
Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement.It was introduced by American engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986.. Six Sigma strategies seek to improve manufacturing quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.
Quality control. Quality control ( QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "a part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements". [1] This approach places emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001): [2] [3]
Product quality risk is an inherent part of the supply chain risks, with a tendency to comprise some or all of the risk elements, such as operational risk, disruption risk and reputational risk. For example, when lead was found in Mattel 's toys, it tarnished the company's reputation, and disrupted the supply of its products in the market.
A quality management system ( QMS) is a collection of business processes focused on consistently meeting customer requirements and enhancing their satisfaction. It is aligned with an organization's purpose and strategic direction ( ISO 9001:2015 ). [1] It is expressed as the organizational goals and aspirations, policies, processes, documented ...
Quality often focuses on manufacturing defects during the warranty phase. Reliability looks at the failure intensity over the whole life of a product or engineering system from commissioning to decommissioning. Six Sigma has its roots in statistical control in quality of manufacturing. Reliability engineering is a specialty part of systems ...
Statistical process control ( SPC) or statistical quality control ( SQC) is the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of a production process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste scrap. SPC can be applied to any process where ...
e. Zero Defects (or ZD) was a management-led program to eliminate defects in industrial production that enjoyed brief popularity in American industry from 1964 [1] to the early 1970s. Quality expert Philip Crosby later incorporated it into his "Absolutes of Quality Management" and it enjoyed a renaissance in the American automobile industry ...