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low back pain. Waddell's signs are a group of physical signs, first described in a 1980 article in Spine, and named for the article's principal author, Professor Gordon Waddell (1943–2017), a Scottish Orthopedic Surgeon. [1] [2] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain.
Osteopathy, unlike osteopathic medicine, which is a branch of the medical profession in the United States, is a pseudoscientific [ 1] system of alternative medicine that emphasizes physical manipulation of the body's muscle tissue and bones. [ 2] In most countries, practitioners of osteopathy are not medically trained and are referred to as ...
Lumbar spinal stenosis can cause pain in the low back or buttocks, abnormal sensations, and the absence of sensation (numbness) in the legs, thighs, feet, or buttocks, or loss of bladder and bowel control. The precise cause of LSS is unclear. Narrowing of spinal structures in the spinal cord such as the central canal, the lateral recesses, or ...
Chronic stress. Chronic stress is the physiological or psychological response induced by a long-term internal or external stressor. [ 1] The stressor, either physically present or recollected, will produce the same effect and trigger a chronic stress response. [ 1] There is a wide range of chronic stressors, but most entail relatively prolonged ...
Frequency. ~25% in any given month [ 7][ 8] Low back pain or lumbago is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back, in between the lower edge of the ribs and the lower fold of the buttocks. Pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling. [ 4]
APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences , including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology.
Back pain ( Latin: dorsalgia) is pain felt in the back. It may be classified as neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected. [ 1] The lumbar area is the most common area affected. [ 2] An episode of back pain may be acute, subacute or chronic ...
Spinal cord stimulator. A spinal cord stimulator ( SCS) or dorsal column stimulator ( DCS) is a type of implantable neuromodulation device (sometimes called a "pain pacemaker") that is used to send electrical signals to select areas of the spinal cord (dorsal columns) for the treatment of certain pain conditions.