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X-ray spectromicroscopy has been used to analyse the reactions of pigments in paintings. For example, in analysing colour degradation in the paintings of van Gogh. [138] Using X-ray for inspection and quality control: the differences in the structures of the die and bond wires reveal the left chip to be counterfeit. [139]
Backscatter X-ray is an advanced X-ray imaging technology. Traditional X-ray machines detect hard and soft materials by the variation in x-ray intensity transmitted through the target. In contrast, backscatter X-ray detects the radiation that reflects from the target. It has potential applications where less-destructive examination is required ...
An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays. [ 1] The availability of this controllable source of X-rays created the field of radiography, the imaging of partly opaque objects with penetrating radiation. In contrast to other sources of ionizing radiation, X-rays are only produced as long as the X-ray tube is ...
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the very topmost 200 atoms, 0.01 um, 10 nm of any surface. It belongs to the family of photoemission spectroscopies in which electron population spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays.
However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators. These include: Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4. Block ciphers in counter mode.
Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched by NASA in 1999, is still operational as of 2024. An X-ray telescope ( XRT) is a telescope that is designed to observe remote objects in the X-ray spectrum. X-rays are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites .
When compared to people with hypertension who were taking blood pressure medications, the researchers found that those with untreated high blood pressure had a 42% heightened Alzheimer’s disease ...
The gray is also used in radiation metrology as a unit of the radiation quantity kerma; defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation [ a ] in a sample of matter per unit mass. The unit was named after British physicist Louis Harold Gray, a pioneer in the measurement of ...