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Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, [1] which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates . Drinking hard water may have moderate health benefits.
Carbonate hardness. Carbonate hardness, is a measure of the water hardness caused by the presence of carbonate ( CO2−. 3) and bicarbonate ( HCO−. 3) anions. Carbonate hardness is usually expressed either in degrees KH ( °dKH) (from the German "Karbonathärte" ), or in parts per million calcium carbonate ( ppm CaCO. 3 or grams CaCO.
Mohs hardness of materials (data page) Vickers hardness test; Brinell scale This page was last edited on ...
Total dissolved solids ( TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or micro-granular ( colloidal sol) suspended form. TDS are often measured in parts per million (ppm). TDS in water can be measured using a digital meter.
Drinking water. Drinking water that is supplied through a tap ( tap water ). Drinking water or potable water is water that is safe for ingestion, either when drunk directly in liquid form or consumed indirectly through food preparation. It is often (but not always) supplied through taps, in which case it is also called tap water.
The grain per gallon ( gpg) is a unit of water hardness defined as 1 grain (64.8 milligrams) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1 US gallon of water (3.785412 L ). It translates into 1 part in about 58,000 parts of water or 17.1 parts per million (ppm). Also called Clark degree (in terms of an imperial gallon ).
dGH. Degrees of general hardness ( dGH or °GH) is a unit of water hardness, specifically of general hardness. General hardness is a measure of the concentration of divalent metal ions such as calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) per volume of water. Specifically, 1 dGH is defined as 10 milligrams (mg) of calcium oxide (CaO) per litre of water.
Water softening. Idealized image of water softening process involving replacement of calcium ions in water with sodium ions donated by a cation-exchange resin. Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is ...