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2. State of matter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

   In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and Fermionic ...

3. Fick's laws of diffusion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick's_laws_of_diffusion

   In anisotropic media, the diffusion coefficient depends on the direction. It is a symmetric tensor Dji = Dij. Fick's first law changes to it is the product of a tensor and a vector: For the diffusion equation this formula gives The symmetric matrix of diffusion coefficients Dij should be positive definite.

4. Scheil equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheil_equation

   Scheil equation. In metallurgy, the Scheil-Gulliver equation (or Scheil equation) describes solute redistribution during solidification of an alloy . Solidification of a binary Cu Zn alloy, lever rule, with composition of 30% of Zinc in weight, using open version of Computherm Pandat. Solidification -using the Scheil rule - of a binary Cu Zn ...

5. Phase transition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

   In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma.

6. Fugacity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugacity

   The fugacity of a condensed phase (liquid or solid) is defined the same way as for a gas: = ⁡ and = It is difficult to measure fugacity in a condensed phase directly; but if the condensed phase is saturated (in equilibrium with the vapor phase), the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal (μ c = μ g).

7. Mass fraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)

   In chemistry, the mass fraction of a substance within a mixture is the ratio (alternatively denoted ) of the mass of that substance to the total mass of the mixture. [ 1] Expressed as a formula, the mass fraction is: Because the individual masses of the ingredients of a mixture sum to , their mass fractions sum to unity:

8. Semi-empirical mass formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-empirical_mass_formula

   The formula represents the liquid-drop model proposed by George Gamow, [1] which can account for most of the terms in the formula and gives rough estimates for the values of the coefficients. It was first formulated in 1935 by German physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , [ 2 ] and although refinements have been made to the coefficients ...

9. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

   The phase diagram shows, in pressure–temperature space, the lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries between the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas . The curves on the phase diagram show the points where the free energy (and other derived properties) becomes non-analytic: their derivatives with respect to the coordinates (temperature and ...