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Other types of coins, including gold coins (suvarṇarūpa), copper coins (tāmrarūpa), and lead coins (sīsarūpa), are also mentioned. [12] The immediate precursor of the rupee is the rūpiya —the silver coin weighing 178 grains minted in northern India, first by Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule between 1540 and 1545, and later adopted ...
These included ₹1/2 , ₹1/4 , 2 anna, 1 anna, 1/2 anna & 1 pice coins, and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage. Under the anna series, one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna equal to 4 pice. In 1957, India shifted to the decimal system, though for a short period of time, both decimal and non ...
As of 2020, the most expensive non- synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium. It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Carbon in the form of diamond can be more expensive than rhodium. Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to trillions of dollars.
List of chemical elements. 118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z ). [ 1]
The coins in the stack on the right are composed of copper with cupronickel cladding, and can be distinguished from the silver half dollars on the left by their visible copper cores. Cupronickel or copper–nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper with nickel, usually along with small quantities of other elements added for strength, such as iron and ...
Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible. The average gold mining and extraction costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes.
The new 20 rupee coin is a circle (it is 12 edged*) with a diameter of 27mm (millimeters) and weight of 8.54 grams. The outer ring is composed of 65% copper, 15% zinc and 20% nickel whereas the inner ring (centre piece) is composed of 75% copper, 20% zinc and 5% nickel. Designed with the help of students of National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad.
List of countries by GDP (nominal) Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. [ 2] Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates.