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Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea ( FHA) is a form of amenorrhea and chronic anovulation [ 1] and is one of the most common types of secondary amenorrhea. [ 2] It is classified as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. [ 3] It was previously known as "juvenile hypothalamosis syndrome," prior to the discovery that sexually mature females are equally ...
Evaluation of primary amenorrhea begins with a pregnancy test, prolactin, FSH, LH, and TSH levels. [13] Abnormal TSH levels prompt evaluation for hyper- and hypo-thyroidism with additional thyroid function tests. [13] Elevated prolactin levels prompt evaluation of the pituitary with an MRI to assess for any masses or malignancies. [13]
Thyroid function tests ( TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid. [ 1] TFTs may be requested if a patient is thought to suffer from hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or to monitor the effectiveness of either thyroid-suppression or hormone replacement ...
A low amount of thyroxine (one of the two thyroid hormones) in the blood, due to lack of dietary iodine to make it, gives rise to high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to increase many biochemical processes; the cellular growth and proliferation can result in the characteristic swelling or hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, or goiter.
0.3–0.4% (USA) [ 8] Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. [ 3] It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart ...
Calcitonin. Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid (or endostyle) in humans and other chordates [ 5] in the ultimopharyngeal body. [ 6] It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca 2+ ), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). [ 7]
Thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR) is a thyroid function test that measures the "uptake" of T3 or T4 tracer by thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) in a given serum sample. This provides an indirect and reciprocal estimate of the available binding sites on TBG within the sample. The results are then reported as a ratio to normal serum.
15% (50 year olds), 70% (over 80 year olds) [ 7] Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to more porous bone, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. [ 3]