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Diels–Alder reaction. In organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism.
Limiting reagent. The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant or limiting agent) in a chemical reaction is a reactant that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is completed. [ 1][ 2] The amount of product formed is limited by this reagent, since the reaction cannot continue without it. If one or more other reagents are present in ...
Stoichiometry. A stoichiometric diagram of the combustion reaction of methane. Stoichiometry ( / ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmɪtri /) is the relationship between the weights of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions . Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of the reactants equals the ...
Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced UK: / lə ʃæˈtɛljeɪ / or US: / ˈʃɑːtəljeɪ / ), also called Chatelier's principle (or the Equilibrium Law ), [ 1][ 2] is a principle of chemistry used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium. [ 3] The principle is named after French chemist Henry Louis Le Chatelier ...
Reaction progress kinetic analysis. In chemistry, reaction progress kinetic analysis ( RPKA) is a subset of a broad range of kinetic techniques utilized to determine the rate laws of chemical reactions and to aid in elucidation of reaction mechanisms. While the concepts guiding reaction progress kinetic analysis are not new, the process was ...
Another example is the unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N 1) reaction in organic chemistry, where it is the first, rate-determining step that is unimolecular. A specific case is the basic hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide (t-C 4 H 9 Br) by aqueous sodium hydroxide. The mechanism has two steps (where R denotes the tert-butyl radical t-C ...
Steric effects are nonbonding interactions that influence the shape ( conformation) and reactivity of ions and molecules. Steric effects complement electronic effects, which dictate the shape and reactivity of molecules. Steric repulsive forces between overlapping electron clouds result in structured groupings of molecules stabilized by the way ...
Activity coefficient. In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume ...