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3% of newborns (US) [ 8] Deaths. 628,000 (2015) [ 9] A birth defect[ a] is an abnormal condition that is present at birth, regardless of its cause. [ 2] Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental. [ 2] The disabilities can range from mild to severe. [ 6]
Deaths. 261,247 (2017) [ 9] A congenital heart defect ( CHD ), also known as a congenital heart anomaly, congenital cardiovascular malformation, and congenital heart disease, is a defect in the structure of the heart or great vessels that is present at birth. [ 7] A congenital heart defect is classed as a cardiovascular disease. [ 10]
VACTERL association. The VACTERL association (also VATER association, and less accurately VACTERL syndrome) refers to a recognized group of birth defects which tend to co-occur (see below ). This pattern is a recognized association, as opposed to a syndrome, because there is no known pathogenetic cause to explain the grouped incidence.
Congenital rubella syndrome. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when a human fetus is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal-fetal transmission and develops birth defects. [ 1] The most common congenital defects affect the ophthalmologic, cardiac, auditory, and neurologic systems. [ 2]
Neural tube defects ( NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development. In the third week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube. When the neural tube does not close completely, an ...
The term fetal alcohol effects (FAE) was used for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. [1] It was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (or unknown exposure for humans), but without obvious ...
HLHS occurs in an estimated 1 out of 3,841 live births in the United States, or an estimated total of 1,025 live births per year in the US. [13] [14] Overall, it is estimated to make up 2-3% of all cases of congenital heart disease, and is the most common single-ventricle defect. [3]
Fetal warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy. Resulting abnormalities include low birth weight, slower growth, intellectual disability, deafness, small head size, and malformed bones, cartilage, and joints. [ 1]