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A 3He/4He dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device that provides continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region. [ 1][ 2] The cooling power is provided by the heat of mixing of the helium-3 and helium-4 isotopes.
In electrical and safety engineering, hazardous locations (HazLoc, pronounced haz·lōk) are places where fire or explosion hazards may exist. Sources of such hazards include gases, vapors, dust, fibers, and flyings, which are combustible or flammable. Electrical equipment installed in such locations can provide an ignition source, due to ...
RF and microwave filter. Radio frequency (RF) and microwave filters represent a class of electronic filter, designed to operate on signals in the megahertz to gigahertz frequency ranges ( medium frequency to extremely high frequency ). It is component that is used in electronic systems to pass or reject specific frequencies and attenuate of ...
Magnetic refrigeration. Gadolinium alloy heats up inside the magnetic field and loses thermal energy to the environment, so it exits the field and becomes cooler than when it entered. Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect. This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures, as well as the ...
An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. Solar energy, burning a fossil fuel, waste heat from factories, and district heating systems are examples of convenient heat sources that can be used. An absorption refrigerator uses two coolants: the first coolant ...
Atmospheric temperature trends from 1979–2011 based on satellite measurements. Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements refers to temperature measurement using the Microwave Sounding Unit instrument and is one of several methods of measuring Earth atmospheric temperature from satellites. Microwave measurements have been obtained from ...
The advanced microwave sounding unit ( AMSU) is a multi-channel microwave radiometer installed on meteorological satellites. The instrument examines several bands of microwave radiation from the atmosphere to perform atmospheric sounding of temperature and moisture levels. Flooding from Hurricane Isidore shown by AMSU channel 2.
YIG filters are used for their high Q factors, typically between 100 and 200. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A sphere made from a single crystal of synthetic yttrium iron garnet acts as a resonator. The field from an electromagnet changes the resonance frequency of the sphere and hence the frequency it will allow to pass.