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Although most notable for its use in the detection of cervical cancer in the Pap test or Pap smear, it is also used to stain non-gynecological specimen preparations from a variety of bodily secretions and from small needle biopsies of organs and tissues. [4] [5] Papanicolaou published three formulations of this stain in 1942, 1954, and 1960. [2]
The Bethesda system ( TBS ), officially called The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology, is a system for reporting cervical or vaginal cytologic diagnoses, [ 1] used for reporting Pap smear results. It was introduced in 1988 [ 2] and revised in 1991, [ 3] 2001, [ 1][ 4][ 5] and 2014. [ 6] The name comes from the location ( Bethesda ...
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [ 1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [ 2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [ 3]
However, it is acceptable to screen this age group with a Pap smear alone every 3 years or with an FDA-approved primary high risk HPV test every 5 years. [11] In women over the age of 65, screening for cervical cancer may be discontinued in the absence of abnormal screening results within the prior 10 years and no history of high-grade lesions ...
The thyroid hormones cross the follicular cell membrane towards the blood vessels by an unknown mechanism. [31] Text books have stated that diffusion is the main means of transport, [ 35 ] but recent studies indicate that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and 10 play major roles in the efflux of the thyroid hormones from the thyroid cells.
Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above). The sensitivity and specificity of this test were variable in a systematic review looking at accuracy of the test. An abnormal Pap smear result may lead to a recommendation for colposcopy of the cervix, an in office procedure during which the cervix is examined under ...
Diff-Quik is a commercial Romanowsky stain variant used to rapidly stain and differentiate a variety of pathology specimens. It is most frequently used for blood films and cytopathological smears, including fine needle aspirates. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The Diff-Quik procedure is based on a modification of the Wright-Giemsa stain pioneered by Harleco in ...
Andromachi Papanikolaou. Andromachi " Mary " Mavrogeni Papanikolaou[ note 1] (1890-13 October 1982) was a Greek laboratory technician and the wife of Georgios Papanikolaou, the Greek pathologist who independently invented the pap test. For 21 years, Mary Papanikolaou volunteered to have her cervix sampled and smeared by her husband to help with ...