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In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. [25] New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for ...
A class defines an implementation of an interface, and instantiating the class results in an object that exposes the implementation via the interface. [3] In the terms of type theory, a class is an implementation—a concrete data structure and collection of subroutines—while a type is an interface. Different (concrete) classes ...
C# ( / ˌsiː ˈʃɑːrp / see SHARP) [b] is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, [16] : 4 strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, [16] : 22 object-oriented ( class -based), and component-oriented programming disciplines.
The C++ standard library is a collection of utilities that are shipped with C++ for use by any C++ programmer. It includes input and output, multi-threading, time, regular expressions, algorithms for common tasks, and less common ones (find, for_each, swap, etc.) and lists, maps and hash maps (and the equivalent for sets) and a class called vector that is a resizable array.
Objects are instances of a class. Object-oriented programming ( OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, [1] which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties ), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods ). In OOP, computer programs are designed by making ...
C++ classes. A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with any of the keywords class, struct or union (the first two are collectively referred to as non-union classes) that has data and functions (also called member variables and member functions) as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers ...
C ( pronounced / ˈsiː / – like the letter c) [ 6 ] is a general-purpose programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in kernels [ 7 ...
volatile (computer programming) In computer programming, volatile means that a value is prone to change over time, outside the control of some code. Volatility has implications within function calling conventions, and also impacts how variables are stored, accessed and cached. In the C, C++, C#, and Java programming languages, the volatile ...