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Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion.
Geiger–Müller tube. A complete Geiger counter, with the Geiger–Müller tube mounted in a cylindrical enclosure connected by a cable to the instrument. The Geiger–Müller tube or G–M tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the detection of ionizing radiation. It is named after Hans Geiger, who invented the ...
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, [ 1] and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding.
Electron excitation. Electron excitation is the transfer of a bound electron to a more energetic, but still bound state. This can be done by photoexcitation (PE), where the electron absorbs a photon and gains all its energy [ 1] or by collisional excitation (CE), where the electron receives energy from a collision with another, energetic ...
Electrochemistry. English chemist John Daniell (left) and physicist Michael Faraday (right), both credited as founders of electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an ...
The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom, compared to the valence shell model. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory.
Redox ( / ˈrɛdɒks / RED-oks, / ˈriːdɒks / REE-doks, reduction–oxidation [2] or oxidation–reduction [3] : 150 ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. [4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the ...
Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. [ 1] An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus.