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Thyroxine-binding globulin ( TBG) is a globulin protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINA7 gene. TBG binds thyroid hormones in circulation. It is one of three transport proteins (along with transthyretin and serum albumin) responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3) in the bloodstream.
T 4, Thyroxine (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine), is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced from the precursor thyroglobulin (this is not the same as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)), which is cleaved by enzymes to produce active T 4. [34] The steps in this process are as follows: [31]
Total thyroxine is rarely measured, having been largely superseded by free thyroxine tests. Total thyroxine (Total T 4) is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism. [2] It is usually slightly elevated in pregnancy secondary to increased levels of thyroid binding globulin (TBG). [2]
Thyroglobulin. Not to be confused with thyroxine-binding globulin, or thymoglobulin. Thyroglobulin ( Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric glycoprotein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Tg is secreted and accumulated at hundreds of grams per litre in the extracellular compartment of the thyroid ...
Levothyroxine. Levothyroxine, also known as L-thyroxine, is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T 4 ). [ 5][ 8] It is used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism), including a severe form known as myxedema coma. [ 5] It may also be used to treat and prevent certain types of thyroid tumors. [ 5]
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a glycoprotein that has a higher affinity for T 4 than for T 3. Transthyretin is also a glycoprotein, but only carries T 4, with hardly any affinity at all for T 3. Finally, both hormones bind with a low affinity to serum albumin, but, due to the large availability of albumin, it has a high capacity.
Thyroid hormone binding ratio. Thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR) is a thyroid function test that measures the "uptake" of T3 or T4 tracer by thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) in a given serum sample. This provides an indirect and reciprocal estimate of the available binding sites on TBG within the sample. The results are then reported as a ...
After secretion, only a very small proportion of the thyroid hormones travel freely in the blood. Most are bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (about 70%), transthyretin (10%), and albumin (15%). [30] Only the 0.03% of T 4 and 0.3% of T 3 traveling freely have hormonal activity. [31]
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