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PostgreSQL supports a binary communication protocol that allows applications to connect to the database server. The protocol is versioned (currently 3.0, as of PostgreSQL 7.4) and has a detailed specification. [47] The official client implementation of this communication protocol is a C API, libpq. [48]
Relational algebra. In database theory, relational algebra is a theory that uses algebraic structures for modeling data, and defining queries on it with a well founded semantics. The theory was introduced by Edgar F. Codd . The main application of relational algebra is to provide a theoretical foundation for relational databases, particularly ...
History. SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
Relational database. A relational database ( RDB [1]) is a database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. [2] A database management system used to maintain relational databases is a relational database management system ( RDBMS ). Many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using SQL ...
Object–relational mapping. Object–relational mapping ( ORM, O/RM, and O/R mapping tool) in computer science is a programming technique for converting data between a relational database and the heap of an object-oriented programming language. This creates, in effect, a virtual object database that can be used from within the programming ...
Object–relational database. An object–relational database ( ORD ), or object–relational database management system ( ORDBMS ), is a database management system (DBMS) similar to a relational database, but with an object-oriented database model: objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query ...
GraphQL. Implementations in Java, JavaScript, Ruby, Scala, others. GraphQL is an open-source data query and manipulation language for APIs and a query runtime engine. GraphQL enables declarative data fetching where a client can specify exactly what data it needs from an API. Instead of multiple endpoints that return separate data, a GraphQL ...
In the context of SQL, data definition or data description language ( DDL) is a syntax for creating and modifying database objects such as tables, indices, and users. DDL statements are similar to a computer programming language for defining data structures, especially database schemas. Common examples of DDL statements include CREATE, ALTER ...