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TNM staging system. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors ( TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system.
Triple-negative breast cancer comprises 15–20% of all breast cancer cases [3] and affects more young women or women with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene than other breast cancers. [4] Triple-negative breast cancers comprise a very heterogeneous group of cancers. TNBC is the most challenging breast cancer type to treat. [5]
The 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the breast [ 11] which includes benign (generally harmless) tumors and malignant (cancerous) tumors, recommends the following pathological types: Invasive breast carcinomas. Invasive carcinoma. Most are "not otherwise specified".
The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [ 1][ 2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [ 1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
The overall 5-year survival rate for follicular thyroid cancer is 91%, and the 10-year survival rate is 85%. [8] By overall cancer staging into stages I to IV, follicular thyroid cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 100% for stages I and II, 71% for stage III, and 50% for stage IV. [9]
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer, accounting for 80-85% of all cases. It develops when abnormal lung cells grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. There are ...
[3] Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s). [4] Where the cancer has not metastasised (spread to other organs) or burrowed deeper into the tissues of the kidney, the five-year survival rate is 65–90%, [5] but this is lowered considerably when the cancer has spread.
The concept of the tumor microenvironment (TME) dates back to 1863 when Rudolf Virchow established a connection between inflammation and cancer. However, it wasn't until 1889 that Stephen Paget's "seed and soil" theory introduced the important role of TME in cancer metastasis, highlighting the intricate relationship between tumors and their surrounding microenvironment.