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The 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the breast [ 11] which includes benign (generally harmless) tumors and malignant (cancerous) tumors, recommends the following pathological types: Invasive breast carcinomas. Invasive carcinoma. Most are "not otherwise specified".
TNM staging system. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors ( TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system.
6A3. ICD-9-CM. 93.35, 99.85. MeSH. D006979. OPS-301 code. 8–60. [ edit on Wikidata] Hyperthermia therapy (or hyperthermia, or thermotherapy) is a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to temperatures above body temperature, in the region of 40–45 °C (104–113 °F).
Lung cancer staging is the assessment of the extent to which a lung cancer has spread from its original source. As with most cancers, staging is an important determinant of treatment and prognosis. In general, more advanced stages of cancer are less amenable to treatment and have a worse prognosis. The initial evaluation of non-small cell lung ...
Triple-negative breast cancer comprises 15–20% of all breast cancer cases [3] and affects more young women or women with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene than other breast cancers. [4] Triple-negative breast cancers comprise a very heterogeneous group of cancers. TNBC is the most challenging breast cancer type to treat. [5]
Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. [ 3] Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. [ 3] Some, however, use the terms interchangeably. [ 5]
The system of the thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4 [10] T 3 and T 4 are carried in the blood, bound to plasma proteins. This has the effect of increasing the half-life of the hormone and decreasing the rate at which it is taken up by peripheral tissues. There are three main proteins that the two hormones are bound to.
The concept of the tumor microenvironment (TME) dates back to 1863 when Rudolf Virchow established a connection between inflammation and cancer. However, it wasn't until 1889 that Stephen Paget's "seed and soil" theory introduced the important role of TME in cancer metastasis, highlighting the intricate relationship between tumors and their surrounding microenvironment.