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  2. Pact of Umar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Umar

    Pact of Umar. Not to be confused with Umar's Assurance of safety to the people of Aelia, known as al-Uhda al-ʿUmariyya. The Pact of Umar (also known as the Covenant of Umar, Treaty of Umar or Laws of Umar; Arabic: شروط عمر or عهد عمر or عقد عمر) is a treaty between the Muslims and non-Muslims who were conquered by Umar ...

  3. Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636–637)

    Jerusalem. The Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) was part of the Muslim conquest of the Levant and the result of the military efforts of the Rashidun Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire in the year 636–637/38. It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubayda, besieged Jerusalem beginning in November 636.

  4. Coupon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupon

    Coupon. In marketing, a coupon is a ticket or document that can be redeemed for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product . Customarily, coupons are issued by manufacturers of consumer packaged goods [ 1] or by retailers, to be used in retail stores as a part of sales promotions. They are often widely distributed through mail ...

  5. Umar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar

    Umar ibn al-Khattab[ a] ( Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized : ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644 ), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior companion and father ...

  6. Reforms of Umar's era - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_Umar's_era

    Umar was the second muslim Caliph and reigned during 634 to 644 CE. This article details the reforms of Umar's era.Umar undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, as well as ordering a census of all the Muslim territories.

  7. Military conquests of Umar's era - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar...

    Umar was the second Rashidun Caliph and reigned during 634–644. Umar's caliphate is notable for its vast conquests. Aided by brilliant field commanders, he was able to incorporate present-day Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, and parts of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and south western Pakistan into the Caliphate.

  8. Shia view of Umar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_view_of_Umar

    Umar ibn al-Khattab was one of the earliest figures in the history of Islam. While Sunnis regard Umar ibn al-Khattab in high esteem and respect his place as one of the "Four Righteously Guided Caliphs", the Shia do not view him as a legitimate leader of the Ummah and believe that Umar and Abu Bakr conspired to usurp power from Ali.

  9. Al-Farooq (title) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farooq_(Title)

    Meaning. The one who distinguishes right from wrong. Region of origin. Arabia ( Middle East) Al-Farooq ( Arabic: الفاروق, "distinguisher") is the title given to one who distinguishes right from wrong. [1] It was a well-known historical title of the second Caliph Umar.