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During pregnancy the layer of endometrium that attaches directly to developing blastocyst becomes the maternal portion of the placenta, also known as the decidua basalis. [9] In the absence of a decidua basalis, trophoblast cells on the developing blastocyst form an abnormally deep attachment to the uterine wall, this is known as abnormal ...
Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 or 28 weeks of pregnancy, depending on the source. [ 1][ 2]: Overview tab, [ 8] It results in a baby born without signs of life. [ 9] A stillbirth can often result in the feeling of guilt or grief in the mother. [ 10] The term is in contrast to miscarriage, which is an early ...
An assisted vaginal delivery ( AVD) or instrumental vaginal delivery occurs when a pregnant woman requires the use of special instruments such as forceps or a vacuum extractor to deliver her baby vaginally. [ 12] It is usually performed when the pregnancy does not progress during the second stage of labor.
Pediatrics. Small for gestational age ( SGA) newborns are those who are smaller in size than normal for the gestational age. SGA is most commonly defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age. [ 1] SGA predicts susceptibility to hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and polycythemia. [ 2] By definition, at least 10% of all newborns ...
Prolonged labor. Prolonged labor is the inability of a woman to proceed with childbirth upon going into labor. [ 1] Prolonged labor typically lasts over 20 hours for first time mothers, and over 14 hours for women that have already had children. [ 1] Failure to progress can take place during two different phases; the latent phase and active ...
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that occurs during the second trimester (after the 20th week of pregnancy) resulting from a poorly perfused placenta. [9] The World Health Organization estimates that preeclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for about 14% of maternal deaths globally (around 50,000 to 75,000 deaths annually). [10]
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [ 1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [ 2][ 1][ 3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it. [ 4]
0.1%-1.8% of pregnancies [ 6] Velamentous cord insertion is a complication of pregnancy where the umbilical cord is inserted in the fetal membranes. It is a major cause of antepartum hemorrhage that leads to loss of fetal blood and associated with high perinatal mortality. In normal pregnancies, the umbilical cord inserts into the middle of the ...