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Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [ 4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L ), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [ 3][ 8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe. [ 2][ 9] Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think ...
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Hypernatremia, also spelled hypernatraemia, is a high concentration of sodium in the blood. [ 3] Early symptoms may include a strong feeling of thirst, weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite. [ 1] Severe symptoms include confusion, muscle twitching, and bleeding in or around the brain. [ 1][ 2] Normal serum sodium levels are 135–145 mmol/L ...
Electrolyte imbalance. Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane. Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological ...
Reference range. In medicine and health -related fields, a reference range or reference interval is the range or the interval of values that is deemed normal for a physiological measurement in healthy persons (for example, the amount of creatinine in the blood, or the partial pressure of oxygen ). It is a basis for comparison for a physician or ...
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [ 1] The term " hypotonic hyponatremia " is also sometimes used. [ 2] When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145 mEq/L (135 to 145 mmol/L). A serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L qualifies as hyponatremia, which is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L. [14] [15]
Base excess is defined as the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood to return the pH to 7.40 at a temperature of 37°C and a pCO 2 of 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa). [ 2] A base deficit (i.e., a negative base excess) can be correspondingly defined by the amount of strong base that must be added.
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