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Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [ 4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L ), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [ 3][ 8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe. [ 2][ 9] Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think ...
Hypernatremia, also spelled hypernatraemia, is a high concentration of sodium in the blood. [ 3] Early symptoms may include a strong feeling of thirst, weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite. [ 1] Severe symptoms include confusion, muscle twitching, and bleeding in or around the brain. [ 1][ 2] Normal serum sodium levels are 135–145 mmol/L ...
Electrolyte imbalance. Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane. Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological ...
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. [6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these. [44]
Health effects associated with excessive sodium consumption include: Stroke and cardiovascular disease. [ 23] High blood pressure: Evidence shows an association between salt intakes and blood pressure among different populations and age ranges in adults. [ 24]
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [ 1] The term " hypotonic hyponatremia " is also sometimes used. [ 2] When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
EAH is categorized by having a blood serum or plasma sodium level below normal, which is less than 135 mmol/L. [1] Asymptomatic EAH is not normally detected unless the athlete has had a sodium blood serum or plasma test. [1] Hyponatremic encephalopathy may be detected using brain imaging studies and pulmonary edema may be confirmed by x-ray.
Hyperchloremia. Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [ 1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, [ 2] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [ 3]
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