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2. New Austrian tunneling method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Austrian_tunneling_method

   The New Austrian tunneling method ( NATM ), also known as the sequential excavation method ( SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method[ 1] ( SCL ), is a method of modern tunnel design and construction employing sophisticated monitoring to optimize various wall reinforcement techniques based on the type of rock encountered as tunneling progresses.

3. Calcium aluminate cements - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_aluminate_cements

   Concrete pipes for sewerage can be made either with full mass calcium aluminate cement concrete or with an internal liner of calcium aluminate cement mortar. Rehabilitation of man-accessible sewer infrastructures with 100% calcium aluminate mortar using one of the following placing methods: low pressure wet spray, spinning head wet spray, or ...

4. Canal lining - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lining

   Concrete canal lining is often used due to its high structural strength and longevity. Concrete used for canal lining is typically non-reinforced, as a way to reduce cost. A common method for constructing concrete lining is the use of slip forms , which are drawn down the length of the canal as the concrete is poured. [3]

5. Fiber-reinforced concrete - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_concrete

   The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m 3 or more of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below. [13] Adding fine diameter polypropylene fibers, not only provides reinforcement in tunnel lining, but also prevents "spalling" and damage of lining in case of fire due to accident. [14]

6. Tunnel construction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_construction

   Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.

7. Shaft sinking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_sinking

   Shaft sinking. A plan-view schematic of a mine shaft showing cage and skip compartments. Services may be housed in either of the four open compartments. Shaft mining or shaft sinking is the action of excavating a mine shaft from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom. [ 1] Shallow shafts, typically sunk for civil ...