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Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [ 2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science . Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics ...
Wave–particle duality. Wave-particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that quantum entities exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances. [ 1 ]: 59 It expresses the inability of the classical concepts such as particle or wave to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects. [ 2 ]: III:1-1 During ...
e. Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the moon. Classical physics is still used in much of modern ...
Important applications of quantum theory include quantum chemistry, quantum optics, quantum computing, superconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes, the optical amplifier and the laser, the transistor and semiconductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and electron microscopy. [ 4]
Energy level. En = energy eigenvalue. n = principal quantum number. e = electron charge. me = electron rest mass. ε0 = permittivity of free space. h = Planck constant. E n = − m e 4 / 8 ε 0 2 h 2 n 2 = − 13.61 e V / n 2 {\displaystyle E_ {n}=-me^ {4}/8\varepsilon _ {0}^ {2}h^ {2}n^ {2}=-13.61\,\mathrm {eV} /n^ {2}}
The phrase "quantum mechanics" was coined (in German, Quantenmechanik) by the group of physicists including Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli, at the University of Göttingen in the early 1920s, and was first used in Born's 1925 paper "Zur Quantenmechanik". [ 2][ 3] The word quantum comes from the Latin word for "how much" (as ...
The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as wave function and matrix mechanics, progressed through many stages.For instance, Erwin Schrödinger originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but Max Born reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's probability density distributed across space; [3]: 24–33 ...
The book was originally published in German in 1932 by Julius Springer, under the title Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. [ 2] An English translation by Robert T. Beyer was published in 1955 by Princeton University Press . A Russian translation, edited by N. Bogolyubov, was published by Nauka in 1964.