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The word 'attar' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word itir, [3] which is in turn derived from the Arabic word 'itr (عطر), meaning 'perfume'. [4] [5]The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of Ibn al-Baitar (1188–1248), an Al-Andalusian (Muslim Iberia) physician, pharmacist and chemist.
Perfume (UK: / ˈpɜːfjuːm /, US: / pərˈfjuːm / ⓘ) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds (fragrances), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. [1]
Agarwood, aloeswood, eaglewood, gharuwood or the Wood of Gods, most commonly referred to as oud or oudh (from Arabic: عود, romanized: ʿūd, pronounced [ʕuːd]), is a fragrant, dark and resinous wood used in incense, perfume, and small hand carvings. It forms in the heartwood of Aquilaria trees after they become infected with a type of ...
Bottles of eau de toilette. Eau de toilette (French: [o d (ə) twalɛt], meaning "grooming water") [n 1] is a lightly scented perfume. [2] It is also referred to as aromatic waters and has a high alcohol content. [3] It is usually applied directly to the skin after bathing or shaving. [4] It is traditionally composed of alcohol and various ...
History of perfume. The word perfume is used today to describe scented mixtures and is derived from the Latin word per fumus (lit. 'through smoke'). The word perfumery refers to the art of making perfumes. Perfume was produced by ancient Greeks [1], and perfume was also refined by the Romans, the Persians and the Arabs.
Farina Eau de Cologne: Farina gegenüber: Johann Maria Farina (1685-1766) 1772 Number Six: Caswell-Massey: William Hunter (1730-1777) 1798 Eau de Lubin: Parfums Lubin Pierre François Lubin [3] 19th century Kolonya: Abdul Hamid II [4] 1803 4711 Eau de Cologne: Mäurer & Wirtz: Wilhelm Mülhens: 1806 Jean Marie Farina: Roger & Gallet: Jean Marie ...
Musk. Musk is a class of aromatic substances commonly used as base notes in perfumery. They include glandular secretions from animals such as the musk deer, numerous plants emitting similar fragrances, and artificial substances with similar odors. [1][2] Musk was a name originally given to a substance with a strong odor obtained from a gland of ...
The History of Cologne covers over 2000 years of urban history. In the year 50, Cologne was elevated to a city under Roman law and named "Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium"; since the Frankish rule it is known as Cologne. The city became an influential merchant stronghold in the early Middle Ages due to its location on the Rhine, which allowed ...