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Marfan syndrome is also an example of dominant negative mutation and haploinsufficiency. Lethal mutations result in rapid organismal death when occurring during development and cause significant reductions of life expectancy for developed organisms. An example of a disease that is caused by a dominant lethal mutation is Huntington's disease.
Point mutation. Schematic of a single-stranded RNA molecule illustrating a series of three-base codons. Each three- nucleotide codon corresponds to an amino acid when translated to protein. When one of these codons is changed by a point mutation, the corresponding amino acid of the protein is changed. A point mutation is a genetic mutation ...
Mutagen. The international pictogram for chemicals that are sensitising, mutagenic, carcinogenic or toxic to reproduction. In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
Nonsense mutation. In genetics, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a nonsense codon, or a premature stop codon in the transcribed mRNA, and leads to a truncated, incomplete, and possibly nonfunctional protein product. [ 1] Nonsense mutations are not always harmful; [ 2] the functional effect of a ...
Germline mutation. Transmittance of a de novo mutation in germ cells to offspring. A germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ova ). [ 1] Mutations in these cells are the only mutations that can be passed on to offspring, when either a mutated ...
Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals, radiation, or enzymes [1] [2] in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars. Plants created using mutagenesis are sometimes called mutagenic plants or mutagenic seeds.
The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [ 1] In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [ 2] Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations.
Somatic mutation. A somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation that occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte. Unlike germline mutations, which can be passed on to the descendants of an organism, somatic mutations ...
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