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Cholera ( / ˈkɒlərə /) is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. [ 4 ][ 3 ] Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. [ 3 ] The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea lasting a few days. [ 2 ] Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. [ 3 ]
A cholera vaccine is a vaccine that is effective at reducing the risk of contracting cholera. [ 10] The recommended cholera vaccines are administered orally to elicit local immune response in the gut where the intestinal cells produce antibodies against the cholera microbe. This immune response was poorly achieved with the injectable vaccines ...
Vibrio cholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria. [ 1] The bacteria naturally live in brackish or saltwater where they attach themselves easily to the chitin -containing shells of crabs, shrimp, and other shellfish. Some strains of V. cholerae are pathogenic to humans and cause a deadly disease ...
An 1831 color lithograph by Robert Seymour depicts cholera as a robed, skeletal creature emanating a deadly black cloud.. The miasma theory (also called the miasmic theory) is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as ...
616. The Broad Street cholera outbreak (or Golden Square outbreak) was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in Soho, London, England, and occurred during the 1846–1860 cholera pandemic happening worldwide. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow ...
The most effective method to prevent cholera is the improvement of water and food safety. This includes the sanitation of water, proper preparation of food and community awareness of outbreaks. Prevention has been most effective in countries where cholera is endemic. Another method is cholera vaccines. Examples of cholera vaccines include ...
The 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak was the first modern large-scale outbreak of cholera —a disease once considered beaten back largely due to the invention of modern sanitation. The disease was reintroduced to Haiti in October 2010, not long after the disastrous earthquake earlier that year, and since then cholera has spread across the country ...
1881–1896. The fifth cholera pandemic (1881–1896) was the fifth major international outbreak of cholera in the 19th century. The endemic origin of the pandemic, as had its predecessors, was in the Ganges Delta in West Bengal. [ 1][ 2] While the Vibrio cholerae bacteria had not been able to spread to western Europe until the 19th century ...