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The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e. [ 2][ a] In the SI system of units, the value of the elementary charge is exactly ...
The coulomb (symbol: C) is the unit of electric charge in the International System of Units (SI). [ 1][ 2] It is equal to the electric charge delivered by a 1 ampere current in 1 second and is defined in terms of the elementary charge e, at about 6.241 509 × 1018 e. [ 2][ 1]
In physics, charge conservation is the principle that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes. [ 1] The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge in the universe, is always conserved. Charge conservation, considered as a physical conservation law, implies that the ...
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
In electromagnetism, charge density is the amount of electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume. Volume charge density (symbolized by the Greek letter ρ) is the quantity of charge per unit volume, measured in the SI system in coulombs per cubic meter (C⋅m −3 ), at any point in a volume. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Surface charge density (σ ...
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Proton-to-electron mass ratio. In physics, the proton-to-electron mass ratio (symbol μ or β) is the rest mass of the proton (a baryon found in atoms) divided by that of the electron (a lepton found in atoms), a dimensionless quantity, namely: μ = mp / me = 1 836.152 673 426(32). The number in parentheses is the measurement uncertainty on ...
Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law [ 1] of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. This electric force is conventionally called the electrostatic force or Coulomb force. [ 2] Although the law was known earlier, it was first published in 1785 by ...