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Literacy. v. t. e. Fountas & Pinnell reading levels (commonly referred to as "Fountas & Pinnell") are a proprietary system of reading levels developed by Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell and published by Heinemann to support their Levelled Literacy Interventions (LLI) series of student readers and teacher resource products. [1]
Word count is commonly used by translators to determine the price of a translation job. Word counts may also be used to calculate measures of readability and to measure typing and reading speeds (usually in words per minute). When converting character counts to words, a measure of 5 or 6 characters to a word is generally used for English. [1]
"The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...
The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.
The bitstream test counts the number of missing 20-letter (20-bit) words in a string of 2 21 overlapping 20-letter words. There are 2 20 possible 20-letter words. For a truly random string of 2 21 + 19 bits, the number of missing words j should be (very close to) normally distributed with mean 141,909 and sigma 428.
Phrase Word Brevity Code Phrase Word English Meaning APCO TEN CODE Use Caution Caution: dangerous condition is suspected to exist. 10-0 Unreadable Radio signal is too weak to receive. 10-1 Out of Service Unit, vehicle or person is not working 10-7 In Service Unit, vehicle or person is working but not necessarily "available" or "on radio." 10-8
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The primary objective of the PSAA is to help schools improve the academic achievement of all students. From the 1970s, California students took the same statewide test, called the California Assessment Program (CAP). Many districts required additional tests, such as CTBS (California Test of Basic Skills) during that time.