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The approximation of a normal distribution with a Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in principle.
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
e. In programming language theory, lazy evaluation, or call-by-need, [1] is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed (non-strict evaluation) and which also avoids repeated evaluations (by the use of sharing). [2][3] The benefits of lazy evaluation include: The ability to define control flow ...
Reinforcement learning (RL) is an interdisciplinary area of machine learning and optimal control concerned with how an intelligent agent ought to take actions in a dynamic environment in order to maximize the cumulative reward. Reinforcement learning is one of three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and ...
The core idea of artificial intelligence systems integration is making individual software components, such as speech synthesizers, interoperable with other components, such as common sense knowledgebases, in order to create larger, broader and more capable A.I. systems. The main methods that have been proposed for integration are message ...
Expert system. A Symbolics 3640 Lisp machine: an early (1984) platform for expert systems. In artificial intelligence (AI), an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. [1] Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if ...
Horner's method. In mathematics and computer science, Horner's method (or Horner's scheme) is an algorithm for polynomial evaluation. Although named after William George Horner, this method is much older, as it has been attributed to Joseph-Louis Lagrange by Horner himself, and can be traced back many hundreds of years to Chinese and Persian ...
Program evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, [1] particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. In both the public sector and private sector, as well as the voluntary sector, stakeholders might be required to assess—under law or ...