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With care, at least fifteen of these phases (one of the known exceptions being ice X) can be recovered at ambient pressure and low temperature in metastable form. [22] [23] The types are differentiated by their crystalline structure, proton ordering, [24] and density. There are also two metastable phases of ice under pressure, both fully ...
Airflow increases the rate of heat transfer from or to the body, resulting in a larger change in body temperature for the same ambient temperature. The theoretical basis for thermometers is the zeroth law of thermodynamics which postulates that if you have three bodies, A, B and C, if A and B are at the same temperature, and B and C are at the ...
Junction temperature, short for transistor junction temperature, [1] is the highest operating temperature of the actual semiconductor in an electronic device. In operation, it is higher than case temperature and the temperature of the part's exterior.
Temperature range Saturation range Types of snow crystal °C °F g/m 3 oz/cu yd below saturation above saturation 0 to −3.5 32 to 26 0.0 to 0.5 0.000 to 0.013 Solid plates Thin plates Dendrites −3.5 to −10 26 to 14 0.5 to 1.2 0.013 to 0.032 Solid prisms Hollow prisms Hollow prisms Needles −10 to −22 14 to −8 1.2 to 1.4 0.032 to 0.038
An air compressor is used to compress filtered air to high pressure; the high-pressure gas is cooled back to ambient temperature, and allowed to expand to a low pressure. The expanding air cools greatly (the Joule–Thomson effect ), and oxygen, nitrogen, and argon are separated by further stages of expansion and distillation.
The solubility of water in liquid carbon dioxide is measured in a range of temperatures, ranging from −29 °C (−20 °F) to 22.6 °C (72.7 °F). At this temperature, the pressure is measured in a range from 15 to 60 atmospheres. The solubility turned out to be very low: from 0.02 to 0.10 %. [5] Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram
In practical devices, the linear approximation model (above) is accurate only over a limited temperature range. Over wider temperature ranges, a more complex resistance–temperature transfer function provides a more faithful characterization of the performance.
Reconstruction of the past 5 million years of climate history, based on oxygen isotope fractionation in deep sea sediment cores (serving as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets), fitted to a model of orbital forcing (Lisiecki and Raymo 2005) [2] and to the temperature scale derived from Vostok ice cores following Petit et al. (1999).