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Recommender systems have also been developed to explore research articles and experts, [ 7] collaborators, [ 8] and financial services. [ 9] A content discovery platform is an implemented software recommendation platform which uses recommender system tools. It utilizes user metadata in order to discover and recommend appropriate content, whilst ...
Rorschach scoring systems have been described as a system of pegs on which to hang one's knowledge of personality. [33] The most widely used method in the United States is based on the work of Exner. Administration of the test to a group of subjects, by means of projected images, has also occasionally been performed, but mainly for research ...
Kerckhoffs viewed cryptography as a rival to, and a better alternative than, steganographic encoding, which was common in the nineteenth century for hiding the meaning of military messages. One problem with encoding schemes is that they rely on humanly-held secrets such as "dictionaries" which disclose for example, the secret meaning of words.
Misuse of statistics can produce subtle but serious errors in description and interpretation—subtle in the sense that even experienced professionals make such errors, and serious in the sense that they can lead to devastating decision errors. For instance, social policy, medical practice, and the reliability of structures like bridges all ...
t. e. In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome' or 'response' variable, or a 'label' in machine learning parlance) and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors', 'covariates', 'explanatory variables ...
Regression with known σ² η may occur when the source of the errors in x's is known and their variance can be calculated. This could include rounding errors, or errors introduced by the measuring device. When σ² η is known we can compute the reliability ratio as λ = ( σ² x − σ² η) / σ² x and reduce the problem to the previous case.
Propagation of uncertainty. In statistics, propagation of uncertainty (or propagation of error) is the effect of variables ' uncertainties (or errors, more specifically random errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them. When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have uncertainties due to measurement ...
e. In information theory, the noisy-channel coding theorem (sometimes Shannon's theorem or Shannon's limit ), establishes that for any given degree of noise contamination of a communication channel, it is possible (in theory) to communicate discrete data (digital information) nearly error-free up to a computable maximum rate through the channel.