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The World Health Organization says that "there does not appear to be any convincing evidence that water hardness causes adverse health effects in humans". [2] In fact, the United States National Research Council has found that hard water serves as a dietary supplement for calcium and magnesium.
Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic.
Hypercalcemia usually causes symptoms that lead to chronic dehydration, such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine). IV fluid rehydration allows the kidneys to excrete more calcium, and usually lowers the calcium level by 1–2 mg/dL.
Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. [ 2] Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, and tingling in the hands and feet. [ 1] It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can ...
Cyanide is a potent cytochrome c oxidase (COX, a.k.a. Complex IV) inhibitor, causing asphyxiation of cells. As such, cyanide poisoning is a form of histotoxic hypoxia, because it interferes with the ability of cells to take or use oxygen via oxidative phosphorylation. [ 25]: 1475. Specifically, cyanide binds to the heme a3-CuB binuclear center ...
Electrolyte imbalance. Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane. Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological ...
Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue. It normally occurs in the formation of bone, but calcium can be deposited abnormally in soft tissue, [ 1][ 2] causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification. [ 3]
Idiopathic hypercalcinuria. Idiopathic hypercalcinuria (IH) is a condition including an excessive urinary calcium level with a normal blood calcium level resulting from no underlying cause. [ 1] IH has become the most common cause of hypercalciuria and is the most serious metabolic risk factor for developing nephrolithiasis. [ 1]