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Characteristic X-ray. Characteristic X-rays are emitted when outer- shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element. Characteristic X-rays were discovered by Charles Glover Barkla in 1909, [ 1] who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1917.
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism ( XMCD) is a difference spectrum of two X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) taken in a magnetic field, one taken with left circularly polarized light, and one with right circularly polarized light. [ 1] By closely analyzing the difference in the XMCD spectrum, information can be obtained on the magnetic properties ...