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X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of ...
X-ray optics. X-ray optics is the branch of optics that manipulates X-rays instead of visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and ...
Natural X-ray sources: Astrophysical X-ray source, as viewed in X-ray astronomy. X-ray background. Naturally occurring radionuclides. Artificial X-ray sources. Radiopharmaceuticals in radiopharmacology. Radioactive tracer. Brachytherapy. X-ray tube, a vacuum tube that produces X-rays when current flows through it.
X-ray. Natural color X-ray photogram of a wine scene. Note the edges of hollow cylinders as compared to the solid candle. William Coolidge explains medical imaging and X-rays. X-rays ( X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
X-ray fluorescence. XRF scanning of the Rembrandt -painting Syndics of the Drapers' Guild. A handheld XRF analyzer gun. X-ray fluorescence ( XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by being bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.
The observed X-ray background is thought to result from, at the "soft" end (below 0.3 keV), galactic X-ray emission, the "galactic" X-ray background, and, at the "hard" end (above 0.3keV), from a combination of many unresolved X-ray sources outside of the Milky Way, the "cosmic" X-ray background (CXB). The galactic X-ray background is produced ...
The metal silver (formerly necessary to the radiographic & photographic industries) is a non-renewable resource although silver can easily be reclaimed from spent X-ray film. [8] Where X-ray films required wet processing facilities, newer digital technologies do not. Digital archiving of images also saves physical storage space. [9]
X-ray laser. An X-ray laser can be created by several methods either in hot, dense plasmas or as a free-electron laser in an accelerator. This article describes the x-ray lasers in plasmas, only. The plasma x-ray lasers rely on stimulated emission to generate or amplify coherent, directional, high-brightness electromagnetic radiation in the ...