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Equations for a falling body. A set of equations describing the trajectories of objects subject to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth -bound conditions. Assuming constant acceleration g due to Earth’s gravity, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where F is the force exerted on a mass m by the Earth’s ...
Graph of number of coupons, n vs the expected number of trials (i.e., time) needed to collect them all, E (T ) In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests.
Accelerometer. An accelerometer is a device that measures the proper acceleration of an object. [ 1] Proper acceleration is the acceleration (the rate of change of velocity) of the object relative to an observer who is in free fall (that is, relative to an inertial frame of reference ). [ 2] Proper acceleration is different from coordinate ...
Free fall. In classical mechanics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it. In the context of general relativity, where gravitation is reduced to a space-time curvature, a body in free fall has no force acting on it. An object in the technical sense of the term "free fall" may not necessarily be falling ...
Terminal velocity. The downward force of gravity ( Fg) equals the restraining force of drag ( Fd) plus the buoyancy. The net force on the object is zero, and the result is that the velocity of the object remains constant. Terminal velocity is the maximum speed attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid ( air is the most common example).
A laser surface velocimeter ( LSV) is a non-contact optical speed sensor measuring velocity and length on moving surfaces. Laser surface velocimeters use the laser Doppler principle to evaluate the laser light scattered back from a moving object. They are widely used for process and quality control in industrial production processes.
The cutoff frequency is the critical frequency between propagation and attenuation, which corresponds to the frequency at which the longitudinal wavenumber is zero. It is given by The wave equations are also valid below the cutoff frequency, where the longitudinal wave number is imaginary. In this case, the field decays exponentially along the ...
Dynamic range (abbreviated DR, DNR, [ 1] or DYR[ 2]) is the ratio between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume. It is often used in the context of signals, like sound and light. It is measured either as a ratio or as a base-10 ( decibel) or base-2 (doublings, bits or stops) logarithmic value of the ratio between ...