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Norketamine. Norketamine, or N-desmethylketamine, is the major active metabolite of ketamine, which is formed mainly by CYP3A4. [1] [2] Similarly to ketamine, norketamine acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, [1] [3] but is about 3–5 times less potent as an anesthetic in comparison. [2] [4]
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It is also used as a treatment for depression and pain management. [19] It is a novel compound that was derived from phencyclidine in 1962 in pursuit of a safer anesthetic with fewer hallucinogenic effects. [20] [21]
NMDA receptor antagonists induce a state called dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia. [1] Ketamine is a favored anesthetic for emergency patients with unknown medical history and in the treatment of burn victims because it depresses breathing and circulation less than other anesthetics.
Ketamine, an anesthetic and mental health medication, is known for its rapid antidepressant effects. It significantly impacts sleep, often reducing REM and slow-wave sleep, and isn't typically ...
Ketamine’s antidepressant effects are part of what prompted researchers to explore other drugs that target glutamate—like the venerable cough suppressant dextromethorphan found in Robitussin ...
Ketamine comes with a “unique set of risks, both to the individual but also to society,” including the potential for drug abuse and unknown effects of frequent use, especially at higher levels.
Hydroxynorketamine ( HNK ), or 6-hydroxynorketamine, is a minor metabolite of the anesthetic, dissociative, and antidepressant drug ketamine. [ 1] It is formed by hydroxylation of the intermediate norketamine, another metabolite of ketamine. [ 1] As of late 2019, (2 R ,6 R )-HNK is in clinical trials for the treatment of depression.
Dehydronorketamine ( DHNK ), or 5,6-dehydronorketamine, is a minor metabolite of ketamine which is formed by dehydrogenation of its metabolite norketamine. [1] [2] Though originally considered to be inactive, [1] [2] [3] DHNK has been found to act as a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator of the α 7 -nicotinic acetylcholine ...
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