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Parten recognized six different types of play: Unoccupied (play) – when the child is not playing, just observing. A child may be standing in one spot or performing random movements. [ 2] Solitary (independent) play – when the child is alone and maintains focus on its activity. Such a child is uninterested in or is unaware of what others are ...
Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology. Qualitative differences between how a child processes their waking ...
Psychoanalysis. In Freudian psychoanalysis, the phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone. When children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents ...
Pygmalion effect. The Pygmalion effect is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area and low expectations lead to worse performance. [ 1] It is named after the Greek myth of Pygmalion, the sculptor who fell so much in love with the perfectly beautiful statue he created that the statue came ...
Meaning-making. In psychology, meaning-making is the process of how people construe, understand, or make sense of life events, relationships, and the self. [ 1] The term is widely used in constructivist approaches to counseling psychology and psychotherapy, [ 2] especially during bereavement in which people attribute some sort of meaning to an ...
Magical thinking, or superstitious thinking, [ 1] is the belief that unrelated events are causally connected despite the absence of any plausible causal link between them, particularly as a result of supernatural effects. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Examples include the idea that personal thoughts can influence the external world without acting on them, or ...
Parallel play is the first of three stages of play observed in young children. The other two stages include simple social play (playing and sharing together), and finally cooperative play (different complementary roles; shared purpose). The research by Parten indicated that preschool children prefer groups of two, parallel play was less likely ...
Playfulness by Paul Manship, 1912–1914. Play therapy is an evidence based approach for children that allows them to find ways to learn, process their emotions, and make meaning of the world around them. Play therapy can be used for several reasons including trauma, autism, behavior, attachment, and language.