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Racial stereotypes are mental frameworks that viewers use to process social information based on their cultural, racial, or ethnic group, which may not directly "carry negative or positive values." [ 3] Advertisers include racial stereotypes in their messaging to target a specific demographic, which can potentially impact viewers negatively ...
African Americans now have bigger roles in media such as that of reporters, business owners and artists. African-American women have made an uprising in mainstream media as confident and strong individuals. Several organizations have been based on the empowerment of African-American women in media. [ 52] The representation of African-American ...
Advertising is a significant agent of socialization in modern industrialized societies, and is used as a tool to maintain certain social constructions, such as gender. Men and women are depicted as differing in attitudes, behavior, and social statuses. [1] These images are crafted to mimic real life, leading to confusion when separating the ...
Lying and deception can be the basis of many propaganda techniques including Ad Hominem arguments, Big-Lie, Defamation, Door-in-the-Face, Half-truth, Name-calling or any other technique that is based on dishonesty or deception. For example, many politicians have been found to frequently stretch or break the truth.
Mere-exposure effect. The mere-exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop liking or disliking for things merely because they are familiar with them. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle. The effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of things, including words ...
Claims of media bias in the United States generally focus on the idea of media outlets reporting news in a way that seems partisan. Other claims argue that outlets sometimes sacrifice objectivity in pursuit of growth or profits. Some academics in fields like media studies, journalism, communication, political science and economics have looked ...
Frequency illusion is used by the marketing industry to make this cognitive bias work in their favour. [21] Generally, this is achieved by introducing a product through ads and familiarizing consumers with it. As a result of frequency illusion, once the consumer notices the product, they start paying more attention to it.
Media bias occurs when journalists and news producers show bias in how they report and cover news. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening of the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. [ 1] The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is ...