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A file signature, also known as a magic number or magic byte, is a data used to identify or verify the content of a file. This web page lists various file signatures and their hexadecimal, ISO 8859-1, and extension codes.
Learn how Excel calculates numbers with limited accuracy and precision due to rounding, truncation, binary storage, and cancellation. See examples of errors and differences between decimal and binary representations of numbers.
A Caesar cipher is a simple encryption technique that shifts each letter in the plaintext by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. Learn about its history, usage, examples, and variations, such as the Vigenère cipher and the ROT13 system.
A substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, using a key. Learn about different types of substitution ciphers, such as simple, mixed, and polyalphabetic, and their security and history.
Although there are 26 key rows shown, a code will use only as many keys (different alphabets) as there are unique letters in the key string, here just 5 keys: {L, E, M, O, N}. For successive letters of the message, successive letters of the key string will be taken and each message letter enciphered by using its corresponding key row.
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. CSV is a common data exchange format that is widely supported by various applications and software, but it has some limitations and variations.
ASCII is a character encoding standard for electronic communication that represents text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. It has 128 code points, of which only 95 are printable characters, and it was developed in part from telegraph code and influenced by Unicode.
The final digit of a Universal Product Code, International Article Number, Global Location Number or Global Trade Item Number is a check digit computed as follows: [3] [4]. Add the digits in the odd-numbered positions from the left (first, third, fifth, etc.—not including the check digit) together and multiply by three.
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