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Enterobacteria phage T4. Escherichia virus T4 is a species of bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli bacteria. It is a double-stranded DNA virus in the subfamily Tevenvirinae of the family Straboviridae. T4 is capable of undergoing only a lytic life cycle and not the lysogenic life cycle.
Bacteriophage. Anatomy and infection cycle of bacteriophage T4. A bacteriophage ( / bækˈtɪərioʊfeɪdʒ / ), also known informally as a phage ( / ˈfeɪdʒ / ), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν ( phagein ), meaning "to devour".
a measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. [ 60] In Boltzmann's analysis in terms of constituent particles, entropy is a measure of the number of possible microscopic states (or microstates) of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Biological system. A biological system is a complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is. [ 1] Examples of biological systems at the macro scale are populations of organisms.
e. An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction. [ 2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are controlled by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, parent material which ...
Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental data can be used to determine sought-after quantities like G (Gibbs free energy) or H . [1] The relation is generally expressed as a microscopic change in internal energy in terms of microscopic changes in entropy , and volume for a closed system in ...
Temperature determines the statistical occupation of the microstates of the ensemble. The microscopic definition of temperature is only meaningful in the thermodynamic limit, meaning for large ensembles of states or particles, to fulfill the requirements of the statistical model. Kinetic energy is also considered as a component of thermal energy.
At the ecosystem level, MTE explains the relationship between temperature and production of total biomass. [38] The average production to biomass ratio of organisms is higher in small organisms than large ones. [39] This relationship is further regulated by temperature, and the rate of production increases with temperature. [40]