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Drinking water standards include lists of parametric values, and also specify the sampling location, sampling methods, sampling frequency, analytical methods, and laboratory accreditation ( AQC ). In addition, a number of standards documents also require calculation to determine whether a level exceeds the standard, such as taking an average.
Drinking water quality in the United States. Drinking water quality in the United States is generally safe. In 2016, over 90 percent of the nation's community water systems were in compliance with all published U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) standards. [1] Over 286 million Americans get their tap water from a community water system.
The Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA) is the principal federal lawin the United Statesintended to ensure safe drinking waterfor the public.[3] Pursuant to the act, the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) is required to set standards for drinking water qualityand oversee all states, localities, and water suppliers that implement the standards.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for bromate, chlorite, haloacetic acids and total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). In Europe, the level of TTHMs has been set at 100 micrograms per litre, and the level for bromate to 10 micrograms per litre, under the Drinking Water Directive. [18]
Maximum contaminant levels ( MCLs) are standards that are set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for drinking water quality. [1] [2] An MCL is the legal threshold limit on the amount of a substance that is allowed in public water systems under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The limit is usually expressed as a ...
CT Values are an important part of calculating disinfectant dosage for the chlorination of drinking water. A CT value is the product of the concentration of a disinfectant (e.g. free chlorine) and the contact time with the water being disinfected. It is typically expressed in units of mg-min/L. The goal of disinfection is the inactivation of ...
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. [1] [2] [3]
Chloramination is the treatment of drinking water with a chloramine disinfectant. [1] Both chlorine and small amounts of ammonia are added to the water one at a time which react together to form chloramine (also called combined chlorine), a long lasting disinfectant. Chloramine disinfection is used in both small and large water treatment plants.